Andrew Scull is a historian of psychiatry. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep502-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/andrew-scull-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Andrew's Website (UCSD faculty page): https://sociology.ucsd.edu/people/faculty/emeritus/andrew-scull.html Desperate Remedies (book): https://amzn.to/4vmBquI Madness in Civilization (book): https://amzn.to/3SZhd0I *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Wispr Flow:* AI-powered voice dictation app. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/wispr_flow-ep502-sb *Fin:* AI agent for customer service. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/fin-ep502-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep502-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep502-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep502-sb *Perplexity:* AI-powered answer engine. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/perplexity-ep502-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 1:20 - Crisis in Psychiatry 30:58 - Categories of Mental Illness 38:17 - Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis 50:23 - The Ice Pick Lobotomy 56:36 - Malaria "Cure" for Syphilis 1:14:52 - Insulin Coma Therapy 1:22:44 - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 1:42:13 - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 1:59:45 - Freud and Psychoanalysis 2:29:40 - WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) 2:50:14 - Antipsychotics 3:13:35 - Antidepressants 3:26:29 - Future of Psychiatry *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman