Who proved the existence of dark matter? On this episode, Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Chuck Nice learn about hidden figures of science you need to know about with author and science communicator Danni Washington. Who is Vera Rubin? Find out about her work in astronomy and her discovery of dark matter. We take a journey from her beginning as an undergrad to her finally being able to conduct research at an observatory. Did she get recognized for her work in astrophysics during her lifetime? What does the Vera Rubin Telescope do? We learn about Alice Ball and the first medicinal cure for leprosy. We break down what leprosy is and what line of research led to her discovery. Were there also roadblocks on her path to recognition? We also learn about Jannaki Ammal who, as a botanist, pioneered the field of cytogenetics. What is cytogenetics and why is it helpful? We also discuss her work in phytogeography and the necessity of plants and seed banks. Next, we learn about Sylvia Earle, the first female chief scientist of NOAA, and her work in the world’s oceans. What is phycology? Why is she referred to as “Her Deepness”? Learn about Sylvia’s record breaking diving and hours logged underwater with aquanauts. What is the number one concern when it comes to the ocean? Discover how the field of phycology can help decarbonize the oceans and how we can help nature heal itself. All that, plus, how delicious is kelp? Is it the food of the future? Thanks to our Patrons Robert Anderson, Meagan Patrice, cael maurer, Marc-Anthony Serrano, Emily McKnight, Dave Fulton, lily_neko739, Josh Wyner, Tyler Mutchie, and Vanefede for supporting us this week. NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can watch or listen to this entire episode commercial-free. Get the NEW Cosmic Queries book (5/5 ⭐s on Amazon!): https://amzn.to/3dYIEQF Get Danni Washington's 'Bold Women In Science': https://amzn.to/3Ldb6wu Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson 0:00 - Introduction 1:53 - Danni Washington’s ‘Genius Generation’ 2:55 - Big Blue & You 5:56 - What Is A Mangrove? 7:25 - Mocha Mermaid 9:01 - Danni’s ‘Bold Women In Science’ 9:38 - Vera Rubin 18:59 - Alice Ball 25:12 - Janaki Ammal 29:27 - What Is Phytogeography? 29:47 - Svalbard Global Seed Vault 33:09 - Where You Can Find Danni Washington 35:09 - Sylvia Earle 41:41 - The Most Pressing Oceanic Issue 47:28 - What Is Biomimicry? 48:14 - ‘Bold Women In Science’ 49:56 - Closing Notes