Adam Marblestone is CEO of Convergent Research. He’s had a very interesting past life; Research Scientist at Google Deepmind on their neuroscient team; has worked on brain computer interfaces to quantum computing and nanotech to formal mathematics. Where we discuss how the brain learns so much from so little, what the AI field can learn from neuroscience, and the answer to Ilya’s question: how does the genome encode abstract reward functions? Turns out, they’re all the same question. 𝐄𝐏𝐈𝐒𝐎𝐃𝐄 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 * Transcript: https://www.dwarkesh.com/p/adam-marblestone * Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/adam-marblestone-ai-is-missing-something-fundamental/id1516093381?i=1000743205259 * Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5RD8lxJh0mGSlpEWWExQNG?si=srfZ9QBgRFqvOtJGX8EGqg 𝐒𝐏𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐎𝐑𝐒 - Gemini 3 Pro recently helped me run an experiment to test multi-agent scaling: basically, if you have a fixed budget of compute, what is the optimal way to split it up across agents? Gemini was my colleague throughout the process — honestly, I couldn’t have investigated this question without it. Try Gemini 3 Pro today https://gemini.google.com - Labelbox helps you train agents to do economically-valuable, real-world tasks. Labelbox’s network of subject-matter experts ensures you get hyper-realistic RL environments, and their custom tooling lets you generate the highest-quality training data possible from those environments. Learn more at https://labelbox.com/dwarkesh To sponsor a future episode, visit https://dwarkesh.com/advertise. 𝐅𝐔𝐑𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑 𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆 Intro to Brain-Like-AGI Safety - Steven Byrnes’s theory of the learning vs steering subsystem; referenced throughout the episode. https://www.lesswrong.com/s/HzcM2dkCq7fwXBej8 A Brief History of Intelligence - Great book by Max Bennett on connections between neuroscience and AI. https://www.abriefhistoryofintelligence.com/book Adam’s blog. https://longitudinal.blog/ Convergent Research’s blog on essential technologies. https://www.essentialtechnology.blog/ A Tutorial on Energy-Based Learning by Yann LeCun. http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/lecun-06.pdf What Does It Mean to Understand a Neural Network? - Kording & Lillicrap. https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.06374 E11 Bio and their brain connectomics approach. https://www.e11.bio/ Sam Gershman on what dopamine is doing in the brain. https://gershmanlab.com/pubs/GershmanUchida19.pdf Gwern’s proposal on training models on the brain’s hidden states. https://gwern.net/aunn-brain Relevant episodes: Ilya Sutskever https://youtu.be/aR20FWCCjAs Richard Sutton https://youtu.be/21EYKqUsPfg Andrej Karpathy https://youtu.be/lXUZvyajciY 𝐓𝐈𝐌𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐒