👽 If aliens showed up tomorrow, would we be ready? 👀 Order Take Me to Your Leader here 👇 https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Take-Me-to-Your-Leader/Neil-deGrasse-Tyson/9781668249970 What are the true limits of life, will we even recognize it when we see it? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Chuck Nice explore the beginnings of life on Earth and what they might tell us about life everywhere else with astrobiologist and bacteriologist, Betül Kaçar. We learn how Betül's lab resurrects ancient enzymes, reconstructing the molecular machinery of organisms that lived billions of years ago to understand how life first emerged and how it survived. Why does all life on Earth have DNA? Why did life seemingly arise only once? We explore the idea that certain moments in life's history--the origin of life itself, the emergence of photosynthesis, the invention of nitrogen fixation--were singular events that each completely transformed the planet, and without any one of them, we simply wouldn't be here. How rare are these events? We explore how important nitrogen fixation was in the progression for life. Learn about a single ancient enzyme, still in use today, that breaks one of the strongest chemical bonds in nature to pull nitrogen from the atmosphere and make it available to living cells. We compare energy consumption, the Haber-Bosch process and biological nitrogen fixation and what would happen if all biological nitrogen fixation came to a halt. From there we dig into extremophiles and what they suggest about life's potential elsewhere in the universe. What does an enzyme actually do? What is a eukaryote and why does it matter? Could silicon replace carbon as the backbone of life on another world? We close on the big questions: how contingent was life's path on Earth? Could it have gone differently? Is there a last universal common ancestor, or is the tree of life just a metaphor we invented to make sense of something far messier? As Betül puts it, we know less than we think we do, and that's exactly why it's worth asking. Thanks to our Patrons Christian Payne, Gage Ewing, Ryan Whynot, Temirlan, 2 Lives Left, Chad Keeler, Harli Shae Smith, Brad Smith, Norm Bailey, James Peterson, Ryan Coppens, David Whittenberg, Scott Jarboe, Varun Krishnan, Eric Salinas, Mary Seman, Melissa Davis, Stephen Rockwell, Catrina, Max Wilburn, Keith Koenigsberg, LEIII, Vincent Loniello, Simon Toth, DoctorWaterGod, Ruthanne Nava, Martineau Alex, Matthew, Phil, Jaden, Arik Drori, Papersneaker, Steven Peeters, Trey Durango, Julianne, Robbie James, Jason Foreman, Liam, Steven Van Vleet, Marilyn, Zakk Why, Ben Wheeldon, Erik Leazure, Konal Sharma, Dušan Živanović, Erik Strandberg, Berklie Novak-Stolz, Kazi Mahin Mahfuz, Tim Van Devender, Andrew Martin, Jason F, Charles Joubert, Youcef Kazwiny, Joy Joslyn, Freeman, Jessica, Pat, Phillip Brooks, Michael Hues, Jacqueline Sinclair, Robert Marsh, Botas, Raza Naqvi (Sid), Jake, Christine Bartholomew & Family, Mr Xoot, Dyonté Houston, Daryl, Rob Weiss, Caleb Holmes, Jeffrey Luce, Kellie Owczarczak, Brandt Reppond, Joseph Savage, Grace Smith, Joe Pacillo, Gregory Wright, Eric Brothwell, IvanM, Pattie Particle, Cory Fenstermaker, James H Lawson, Embreebane, Dai Stiho, Raymond C King, J M, Alex Wheeler, Jason Rushmore, Idris, Damian Correa, Dylan Woody, Julia Nolen, Chris Petit, Anna, David Kapner, Lalo, Vic, Ash Anthony, and Wayne Stubblefield for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: Betül Kaçar 03:30 - Reserrecting Ancient Enzymes 10:07 - Testing Life’s Limits 11:13 - Why Hasn’t There Been More Than One Genesis? 13:32 - What is Nitrogen Fixation? 16:59 - Betul and Chuck’s Arguement about the Nature of Life 21:02 - How Did Life Evolve a Metabolism 23:16 - All Life is Extremophiles 26:23 - Why Are Enzymes Important? 27:19 - The Contingency of Life 32:43 - The Range of Possibility 37:58 - The Earliest Organism 39:36 - Metabolism, Energy Gradients, & The Criteria For life 46:09 - The Limits of Life 55:25 - Life is…Metal? 59:14 - The Haber-Bosch Process 01:02:55 - Closing Thoughts Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson