Anil Ananthaswamy is an award-winning science writer and former staff writer and deputy news editor for the London-based New Scientist magazine. Machine learning systems are making life-altering decisions for us: approving mortgage loans, determining whether a tumor is cancerous, or deciding if someone gets bail. They now influence developments and discoveries in chemistry, biology, and physics—the study of genomes, extrasolar planets, even the intricacies of quantum systems. And all this before large language models such as ChatGPT came on the scene. We are living through a revolution in machine learning-powered AI that shows no signs of slowing down. This technology is based on relatively simple mathematical ideas, some of which go back centuries, including linear algebra and calculus, the stuff of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century mathematics. It took the birth and advancement of computer science and the kindling of 1990s computer chips designed for video games to ignite the explosion of AI that we see today. In this enlightening book, Anil Ananthaswamy explains the fundamental math behind machine learning, while suggesting intriguing links between artificial and natural intelligence. Might the same math underpin them both? As Ananthaswamy resonantly concludes, to make safe and effective use of artificial intelligence, we need to understand its profound capabilities and limitations, the clues to which lie in the math that makes machine learning possible. Why Machines Learn: The Elegant Math Behind Modern AI: https://amzn.to/3UAWX3D https://anilananthaswamy.com/ Sponsor message: DO YOU WANT WORK ON ARC with the MindsAI team (current ARC winners)? Interested? Apply for an ML research position: benjamin@tufa.ai (JUST ADDED!) SHOWNOTES: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/wpv22m5jxyiqr6pqfkzwz/anil.pdf?rlkey=9c233jo5armr548ctwo419n6p&st=xzhahtje&dl=0 Chapters: 1. ML Fundamentals and Prerequisites [00:00:00] 1.1 Differences Between Human and Machine Learning [00:00:35] 1.2 Mathematical Prerequisites and Societal Impact of ML [00:02:20] 1.3 Author's Journey and Book Background [00:11:30] 1.4 Mathematical Foundations and Core ML Concepts [00:21:45] 1.5 Bias-Variance Tradeoff and Modern Deep Learning 2. Deep Learning Architecture [00:29:05] 2.1 Double Descent and Overparameterization in Deep Learning [00:32:40] 2.2 Mathematical Foundations and Self-Supervised Learning [00:40:05] 2.3 High-Dimensional Spaces and Model Architecture [00:52:55] 2.4 Historical Development of Backpropagation 3. AI Understanding and Limitations [00:59:13] 3.1 Pattern Matching vs Human Reasoning in ML Models [01:00:20] 3.2 Mathematical Foundations and Pattern Recognition in AI [01:04:08] 3.3 LLM Reliability and Machine Understanding Debate [01:12:50] 3.4 Historical Development of Deep Learning Technologies [01:15:21] 3.5 Alternative AI Approaches and Bio-inspired Methods 4. Ethical and Neurological Perspectives [01:24:32] 4.1 Neural Network Scaling and Mathematical Limitations [01:31:12] 4.2 AI Ethics and Societal Impact [01:38:30] 4.3 Consciousness and Neurological Conditions [01:46:17] 4.4 Body Ownership and Agency in Neuroscience