In this lecture to his Chinese high school students, Jiang Xueqin argues that the idea of monotheism launched modernity. At the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, the bishops of the Roman Empire had to decide on the relationship between God and Jesus. They established the Godhead as orthodoxy, and rejected Arianism as heresy. The Holy Trinity marked a radical intellectual revolution that would eventually give birth to capitalism, science, and the nation-state.