Are we all living in a simulation inside our brains? Neil deGrasse Tyson and co-hosts Chuck Nice and Gary O’Reilly learn about the root of perception, if AI really is intelligent, and The Free Energy Principle with theoretical neuroscientist Karl Friston. Discover the Free Energy Principle as a framework for understanding how the brain self-organizes and minimizes uncertainty about the world. Does the brain keep an internal model of the world that it continues to update? How does this principle relate to perception, decision-making, and the human experience? How does our brain, a blob of neurons locked inside a skull, make sense of the chaotic data it receives from the world? Friston introduces us to "Active Inference," the application of this principle, explaining how the brain samples the environment and updates its beliefs to create a cohesive understanding of reality. He discusses how psychiatric disorders, like schizophrenia, can arise when there’s a mismatch between the brain’s internal model and external reality, and how this theory could one day help explain and treat these conditions. We explore how these ideas from neuroscience can be used in artificial intelligence and large language models, discussing the limits of machine learning. Can AI truly possess intelligence? Or is it merely following pre-programmed paths, unable to build the complex internal models humans use to navigate the world? Can AGI– artificial general intelligence– ever be achieved in a machine? What do we even mean when we say AGI? Does an objective reality even exist? Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: Karl Friston 03:32 - What is The Free Energy Principle? 11:10 - Breaking Down Active Inference & Perception 16:04 - Perception vs. Imagination 19:15 - What It Means to Predict 21:27 - Einstein’s Brain, Embodiment, & Large Language Models 25:48 - The Matrix, Deja Vu, & Missing Reality 32:28 - The Intelligence in Large Language Models 37:10 - Mechanical vs. Biological AGI 43:10 - Discussing Consciousness 45:00 - Why Studying the Brain Helps 50:40 - Bayesian Inference 52:58 - Hallucinations Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson