What happens to your brain when you use AI? Neil deGrasse Tyson and co-host Chuck Nice and Gary O’Reilly explore current research into how large language models affect our cognition, memory, and learning with Nataliya Kosmyna, research scientist at the MIT Media Lab. Is AI good for us? Nataliya describes her experiment comparing students writing essays with three methods: ChatGPT, Google, or just their own brains. What happened when groups swapped? Why did the “LLM group” show the least functional connectivity in the brain, while Google users lit up their visual cortex? Why did so many students fail to recall or even quote their own work? Neil and Nataliya unpack how timing, cognitive load, and brain struggle are essential for true learning. We explore cognitive load theory, video game design, and whether doctors relying on AI could lose diagnostic skills. How much AI support is too much? Could AI free up tasks so we can use our cognitive energy elsewhere? Or does it rob us of our brain power? We discuss the efficiency of the brain versus machine learning, the risks of AI companionship amplifying loneliness (or even AI psychosis) to how education must adapt for a generation raised with AI. What happens when children grow up never learning the skills that AI replaces? Does outsourcing brain work free us to be more creative or leave us dependent? We discuss the guardrails and the crisis across schooling. How do we adapt the education system around these tools? What do we stand to lose? What do we stand to gain? Does this mean pivoting the focus away from grades and towards a more process and learning focus? Learn about BCI, brain-computer interfaces, and whether someday we’ll have LLMs in our heads. If we have all of the world's information uploaded, will we need higher education? We will all say “I know kung fu” like in the Matrix? Thanks to our Patrons Jacqueline Scripps, Jose Mireles, Eric Divelbiss, francisco carbajal medina, Sahil Pethe, Vivekanandhan Viswanathan, Kurt R, Daniel D. Chisebwe, Landslide, Sebastian Davalos, Bob Case, Mark Rempel, Lucas Fowler, Cindy, Wizulus Redikulus, Hector Alvarado, Matt Cochrane, Ari Warren, Mark, Jorge Ochoa, Leena Z, Donald BeLow, Zach Woodbury, Jeffery Hicks, Ibolinger, Subri Kovilmadam, Danielle Stepien, Justin Akins, Richard, Tai Vokins, Dan O'Connell, Evelyn Lhea, Siva Sankar, Jack Bremner, mcb_2011, Saronitegang, dante wisch, Adnrea Salgado Corres, Jarrod C., Micheal Maiman, Ivan Arsov, Patrick Spillane, Aarush, Brad Lester, Anna Wolosiak-Tomaszewska, Jon A, Ali Shahid, K. Rich Jr., Kevin Wade, Suzy Stroud, Expery Mental, Ian jenkins, Tim Baldwin, John Billesdon, Hugo, Mason Lake, Judith Grimes, G Mysore, Mark Stueve, Cuntess Bashory, Jock Hoath, Payton Noel, and Leon Rivera for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: Nataliya Kosmyna 04:45 - The Experiment 17:20 - Our Energy Consumption vs. LLM 21:59 - Our Cognitive Load 26:02 - Working Memory vs. Lookup 30:09 - Are We Freeing Up Our Mental Energy? 35:21 - Grading the Essays 44:40 - AI in Place of Human Connection 52:49 - Shifting Focus Back to Humans 54:53 - Changing School Around Technologies 1:06:30 - More Studies & Guardrails Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson