Lloyd B. Klickstein is a physician-scientist who has spent more than 20 years at the intersection of drug discovery, healthy aging, and preventive medicine. Drawing on his experience in academic medicine, translational research, and biotechnology, Lloyd walks through the full arc of modern drug development. He explains how scientists identify an unmet medical need and decide which diseases and therapeutic targets are worth pursuing. From there, he takes us through the process of engineering a drug, testing it in animals, and navigating clinical trials and regulatory approval. Using bimagrumab as a case study, Lloyd explains the rationale for targeting myostatin and activin signaling to increase muscle mass and strength and describes how the antibody was engineered and screened. He then walks through what was learned from early clinical trials. Unexpected effects on fat mass and type 2 diabetes helped reshape bimagrumab’s development as a potential treatment for obesity, including its use in combination with semaglutide. Along the way, Peter and Lloyd explore the differences among drug modalities, including biologics and small-molecule therapeutics. They discuss the roles of patents and capital allocation in drug development, along with the requirements for IND submission and GMP manufacturing. They also examine why developing a new drug takes so long and costs so much, and why identifying failures early is critical. View show notes here: https://peterattiamd.com/lloydklickstein2/ Become a member to receive exclusive content: https://peterattiamd.com/subscribe/ Sign up to receive Peter's email newsletter: https://peterattiamd.com/newsletter/ -------- About: The Peter Attia Drive is a deep-dive podcast focusing on maximizing longevity, and all that goes into that from physical to cognitive to emotional health. With over 90 million episodes downloaded, it features topics including exercise, nutritional biochemistry, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, mental health, and much more. Peter Attia is the founder of Early Medical, a medical practice that applies the principles of Medicine 3.0 to patients with the goal of lengthening their lifespan and simultaneously improving their healthspan. Learn more: https://peterattiamd.com Connect with Peter on: Facebook: http://bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDFB Twitter: http://bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDTW Instagram: http://bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDIG Subscribe to The Drive: Apple Podcast: http://bit.ly/TheDriveApplePodcasts Overcast: http://bit.ly/TheDriveOvercast Spotify: http://bit.ly/TheDriveSpotify Google Podcasts: http://bit.ly/TheDriveGoogle Disclaimer: This podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing, or other professional healthcare services, including the giving of medical advice. No doctor-patient relationship is formed. The use of this information and the materials linked to this podcast is at the user's own risk. The content on this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Users should not disregard or delay in obtaining medical advice for any medical condition they have, and they should seek the assistance of their healthcare professionals for any such conditions. I take conflicts of interest very seriously. For all of my disclosures and the companies I invest in or advise, please visit my website where I keep an up-to-date and active list of such companies. For a full list of our registered and unregistered trademarks, trade names, and service marks, please review our Terms of Use: https://peterattiamd.com/terms-of-use/