Plato and Aristotle are considered the two most influential philosophers of Western antiquity. But there are three central paradoxes surrounding the life and work of Aristotle. He is considered a brilliant thinker, but we do not have any of his original writings. Over two hundred works are attributed to him, and the range of his works is extra-ordinary and super-human – he’s written about metaphysics, rhetoric, theater, politics, ethics, physics, and biology. Finally, while he studied under Plato for twenty years, his empirical approach to epistemology contradicts Plato’s rationalist approach. How can we explain these paradoxes? In this lecture to Chinese students Jiang Xueqin explains that to understand Aristotle’s work and beliefs it’s important to understand his background and associations. His life parallels that of Philip II of Macedon. Aristotle and Philip were born about the same time, and because Aristotle’s father was personal physician to the King of Macedon, the two grew up together. In their youths, Philip was sent to study military innovation at Thebes, and Aristotle was sent to study at Plato’s Academy, where he would spend the next twenty years. Legend has it that Aristotle became the tutor to Philip’s son Alexander the Great, and Philip rewarded Aristotle lavishly for his service. Philip’s military conquests were driven in part by the Pan-Hellenic Project, which aimed to unite the Greek diaspora scattered across the Aegean and Mediterranean. Because Greeks identified with their own city-state, Philip needed to create a “Greek culture,” a common identity that shared the best knowledge of the Greek world. Rather than an original thinker, Aristotle was a “systemizer,” who supervised his students in the collection and distillation of the entirety of Greek knowledge into textbooks for popular education and dissemination. Aristotle’s work would forever change human history. By systemizing Greek knowledge, Aristotle would help humans “see and be” in a new way. By simplifying and popularizing Greek knowledge, he would make it accessible, and it would spread as far as Alexander the Great’s conquests. And the interaction of Greek knowledge with foreign cultural eco-systems would birth new philosophies and religions, including Christianity.