Sign up to receive Peter's email newsletter: https://bit.ly/4c602k2 Richard Miller is a professor of pathology and the Director of the Center for Aging Research at the University of Michigan. He is one of the architects of the NIA-funded Interventions Testing Programs (ITPs) animal study test protocol. In this episode, Rich goes through the results of the long list of molecules tested by the ITP—including rapamycin, metformin, nicotinamide riboside, an SGLT-2 inhibitor called canagliflozin, and more. Many of the discussed outcomes have had surprising outcomes—both positive and negative findings. We discuss: 00:00:00 - Intro 00:03:45 - Rich’s interest in aging, and how Hayflick’s hypothesis skewed aging research 00:15:00 - Dispelling the myth that aging can’t be slowed 00:29:00 - The Interventions Testing Program—A scientific framework for testing whether drugs extend lifespan in mice 00:38:45 - Testing aspirin in the first ITP cohort 00:44:45 - Rapamycin: results from ITP studies, dosing considerations, and what it tells us about early- vs. late-life interventions 01:07:15 - Acarbose as a potential longevity agent by virtue of its ability to block peak glucose levels 01:15:45 - Resveratrol: why it received so much attention as a longevity agent, and the takeaways from the negative results of the ITP study 01:24:15 - The value in negative findings: ITP studies of green tea extract, methylene blue, curcumin, and more 01:27:00 - 17α-Estradiol: lifespan effects in male mice, and sex-specific effects of different interventions 01:33:15 - Testing ursolic acid and hydrogen sulfide: rationale and preliminary results 01:35:45 - Canagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor): exploring the impressive lifespan results in male mice 01:42:30 - The failure of metformin: reconciling negative results of the ITP with data in human studies 01:48:45 - Nicotinamide riboside: insights from the negative results of the ITP study 01:55:30 - The three most important takeaways from the ITP studies 01:59:30 - Philosophies on studying the aging process: best model organisms, when to start interventions, which questions to ask, and more 02:08:00 - Seven reasons why pigs can't fly Show notes page: https://peterattiamd.com/richardmiller/ About: The Peter Attia Drive is a weekly, ultra-deep-dive podcast focusing on maximizing health, longevity, critical thinking…and a few other things. With over 30 million episodes downloaded, it features topics including fasting, ketosis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, mental health, and much more. Peter is a physician focusing on the applied science of longevity. His practice deals extensively with nutritional interventions, exercise physiology, sleep physiology, emotional and mental health, and pharmacology to increase lifespan (delay the onset of chronic disease), while simultaneously improving healthspan (quality of life). Learn more: https://peterattiamd.com/ Subscribe to receive exclusive subscriber-only content: https://peterattiamd.com/subscribe/ Sign up to receive Peter's email newsletter: https://peterattiamd.com/newsletter/ Connect with Peter on: Facebook: http://bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDFB Twitter: http://bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDTW Instagram: http://bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDIG Subscribe to The Drive: Apple Podcast: http://bit.ly/TheDriveApplePodcasts Overcast: http://bit.ly/TheDriveOvercast Spotify: http://bit.ly/TheDriveSpotify Google Play: http://bit.ly/TheDriveGooglePlay