In this journal club episode, my guest is Stanford and Johns Hopkins-trained physician, Dr. Peter Attia, M.D., who is also the host of The Drive podcast and the author of the bestselling book "Outlive: The Science & Art of Longevity." We each present a scientific paper and discuss the findings' strengths, weaknesses and actionable takeaways. First, we discuss an article that addresses whether taking the drug metformin can enhance longevity. Then, we discuss an article on belief effects (similar to placebo effects), showing how the effects of a drug on the brain and cognition depend on one's belief about the dose of the drug taken, not the actual dose. Our conversation also highlights how to read, interpret and critique scientific studies. This episode ought to be of interest to those curious about health and longevity, medicine and psychology and for anyone seeking to better understand how to read and digest scientific findings. #HubermanLab #Science Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Helix Sleep: https://helixsleep.com/huberman Levels: https://levels.link/huberman InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/huberman Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman Huberman Lab Social & Website Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/hubermanlab Threads: https://www.threads.net/@hubermanlab Twitter: https://twitter.com/hubermanlab Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/hubermanlab TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@hubermanlab LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrew-huberman Website: https://hubermanlab.com Newsletter: https://hubermanlab.com/neural-network Dr. Peter Attia Website: https://peterattiamd.com Outlive: The Science & Art of Longevity: https://peterattiamd.com/outlive The Peter Attia Drive Podcast: https://peterattiamd.com/podcast Newsletter: https://peterattiamd.com/newsletter X (formerly Twitter): https://twitter.com/PeterAttiaMD Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/peterattiamd YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/PeterAttiaMD Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/peterattiamd Articles Reassessing the evidence of a survival advantage in Type 2 diabetes treated with metformin compared with controls without diabetes: a retrospective cohort study: https://bit.ly/3EypTAJ The Hallmarks of Aging: https://bit.ly/3ZeqnFI Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without? A comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non-diabetic controls: https://bit.ly/3Lespjp A thalamic circuit represents dose-like responses induced by nicotine-related beliefs in human smokers: https://bit.ly/3LiAaEX Other Resources TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin) Trial: https://bit.ly/3P7eMDI Interventions Testing Program (ITP): https://bit.ly/3EDtmOg Slow-Carb Diet (Tim Ferris): https://bit.ly/462q6YD Dr. Alia Crum: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance (Huberman Lab episode): https://bit.ly/3PdbKhd Nicotine’s Effects on the Brain & Body & How to Quit Smoking or Vaping (Huberman Lab episode): https://bit.ly/3PkGopc Adderall, Stimulants & Modafinil for ADHD: Short- & Long-Term Effects (Huberman Lab episode): https://bit.ly/3Pg7jT3 Neural correlates of interspecies perspective taking in the post-mortem Atlantic Salmon: an argument for multiple comparisons correction (Dead salmon study): https://bit.ly/3PvJvf9 Timestamps 00:00:00 Dr. Peter Attia, Journal Club 00:03:27 Sponsors: Helix Sleep & Levels 00:06:11 Dreams 00:12:36 Article #1, Metformin, Mitochondria, Blood Glucose 00:19:47 Type 2 Diabetes & Causes, Insulin Resistance 00:25:30 Type 2 Diabetes Medications, Metformin, Geroprotection, Bannister Study 00:36:19 Sponsor: AG1 00:37:15 TAME Trial; Demographics, Twin Cohort 00:44:27 Metformin & Mortality Rate 00:51:28 Kaplan-Meier Mortality Curve, Error Bars & Significance, Statistical Power 01:01:17 Sponsor: InsideTracker 01:02:23 Hazard Ratios, Censoring 01:09:00 Metformin Advantage?, Variables, Interventions Testing Program 01:16:02 Berberine, Acarbose, SGLT2 Inhibitors 01:23:48 Blood Glucose & Energy Balance; Caloric Restriction, Aging Biomarkers 01:32:22 Tool: Reading Journal Articles, 4 Questions, Supplemental Information 01:38:10 Article #2, Belief Effects vs. Placebo Effect 01:45:22 Nicotine Effects 01:51:07 Nicotine Doses & Belief Effects, fMRI Scan 02:00:07 Biological Effects, Dose-Dependent Response & Belief Effects 02:05:14 Biology & Beliefs, Significance, Dopamine Response, Non-Smokers 02:10:57 Dose-Dependence & Beliefs, Side Effects, Nocebo Effect 02:19:06 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Neural Network Newsletter, Social Media Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac - https://www.blabacphoto.com Disclaimer: https://hubermanlab.com/disclaimer