Richard Shotton maintains that many behavioral biases are generally true and useful rules of thumb that people over-apply in irrelevant situations.

“But, then the danger is they over-apply it in situations where it's not relevant. Like in the situation Zhang set up, people got the same facts about cardiovascular health, but because they threw in this second benefit, it seemed to detract from it. So, I think it's often the misapplication of a gen”