Sign up to receive Peter's email newsletter: https://bit.ly/4c602k2 Read the show notes for this episode: https://bit.ly/30gkQUZ Sam Apple is the author of the book Ravenous: Otto Warburg, the Nazis, and the Search for the Cancer-Diet Connection, published in May 2021. In this episode, Sam describes the fascinating life story of Otto Warburg, a Nobel Prize-winning scientist who, despite being both Jewish and gay, survived Nazi Germany because of his valuable research on cellular metabolism and cancer. Sam describes Warburg’s observation that cancer cells consume large amounts of glucose anaerobically – a phenomenon subsequently known as the “Warburg Effect” – and relates how Warburg’s seminal work on this topic was largely forgotten after the discovery of oncogenes, only to regain relevance decades later within the field of cancer biology. Sam sheds light on the current debate around Warburg’s interpretation of the causes of cancer, and Peter gives his personal take on the matter. Finally, Peter and Sam tie it all together with a discussion about cancer prevention, the role of hyperinsulinemia, and the link between dietary sugar and cancer. We discuss: 00:00:00 - Intro 00:00:10 - Sam’s interest in Otto Warburg and work as a writer [2:30]; 00:13:35 - Otto Warburg’s dedication to science and his complicated life in Germany 00:23:27 - Warburg’s interest in cancer and early discoveries about cellular consumption of oxygen 00:35:57 - The role models who fueled Warburg’s desire to make a great discovery 00:45:28 - How Warburg described the primary and secondary causes of cancer 00:49:15 - Warburg’s Nobel Prize in 1931 00:50:05 - Warburg’s life and work during WWII in Nazi Germany 01:05:09 - Warburg’s research in hydrogen transfers and coenzymes—his best science? 01:09:02 - Warburg’s decision to stay in Germany after WWII 01:13:34 - Discovery of oncogenes in the 1970s and the decline in interest in Warburg’s ideas 01:20:52 - The renaissance of Warburg’s ideas on cancer metabolism and a new explanation for the Warburg Effect 01:28:59 - The argument against the Warburg Effect as a primary cause of cancer and the potential role hyperinsulinemia 01:35:33 - Identifying primary and secondary causes of cancer for the purpose of cancer prevention 01:45:00 - The link between sugar, fructose, and cancer 01:50:00 - Sam’s reflections on the work that went into Ravenous -------- About: The Peter Attia Drive is a weekly, ultra-deep-dive podcast focusing on maximizing health, longevity, critical thinking…and a few other things. With over 35 million episodes downloaded, it features topics including fasting, ketosis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, mental health, and much more. Peter is a physician focusing on the applied science of longevity. His practice deals extensively with nutritional interventions, exercise physiology, sleep physiology, emotional and mental health, and pharmacology to increase lifespan (delay the onset of chronic disease), while simultaneously improving healthspan (quality of life). Learn more: https://bit.ly/3pLsC1T Subscribe to receive exclusive subscriber-only content: https://bit.ly/3GByNw7 Sign up to receive Peter's email newsletter: https://bit.ly/3IB1FXk Connect with Peter on: Facebook: http://bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDFB Twitter: http://bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDTW Instagram: http://bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDIG Subscribe to The Drive: Apple Podcast: http://bit.ly/TheDriveApplePodcasts Overcast: http://bit.ly/TheDriveOvercast Spotify: http://bit.ly/TheDriveSpotify Google Podcasts: http://bit.ly/TheDriveGoogle